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Termites can distinguish nestmates and non-nestmates through chemical communication and gut symbionts: compounds consisting of hydrocarbons discharged from the cuticle allow the recognition of alien termite species.148149 Every colony has its own distinct odour. This odour is due to genetic and environmental factors like the termites' diet and also the composition of the bacteria within the termites' intestines.150.

Termites rely on alert communication to defend a colony.134 Alarm pheromones can be released when the nest has been broken or is being assaulted by enemies or potential pathogens. Termites constantly avoid nestmates infected with Metarhizium anisopliae spores, through vibrational signals released by infected nestmates.151 Additional procedures of defence include intense jerking and secretion of fluids from the frontal gland and defecating faeces containing alarm pheromones.134152.

In certain species, a few soldiers obstruct tunnels to prevent their enemies from entering the nest, and they may intentionally repaint themselves as an act of defence.153 In cases where the intrusion is coming from a breach which is bigger than the soldier's head, defence requires a special formations where soldiers shape a phalanx-like formation around the violation and sting at intruders.154 If an invasion carried out by Megaponera analis is powerful, an entire colony could be destroyed, although this scenario is rare.154.

To termites, any breach of their tunnels or nests is a cause for alarm. When termites discover a potential breach, the soldiers usually bang their minds, apparently to entice different soldiers for defence and to recruit additional employees to fix any breach.56 Additionally, an alarmed termite bumps into other termites that induces them to become alarmed and to leave pheromone trails to the disturbed area, which is also a way to recruit additional workers.56.

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The pantropical subfamily Nasutitermitinae includes a specialised caste of soldiers, also known as nasutes, that possess the ability to exude noxious fluids via a horn-like frontal projection they use for defence.155 Nasutes have lost their mandibles throughout the course of evolution and have to be fed by employees.59 A vast array of monoterpene hydrocarbon solvents have been identified in the fluids that nasutes secrete.156 Likewise, Formosan subterranean termites have been known to secrete naphthalene to protect their nests.157.

Soldiers of the species Globitermes sulphureus commit suicide by autothysis  rupturing a large gland just beneath the surface of the cuticles. The thick, yellow fluid in the gland becomes quite sticky on contact with the click atmosphere, entangling ants or other insects that are trying to invade the nest.158159 Another termite, Neocapriterme taracua, additionally engages in suicidal defence.

When soldiers guarding nest entrances are attacked by intruders, they engage in autothysis, creating a block that denies entry to any outsider.161.

Employees use several different strategies to take care of their dead, including burying, cannibalism, and avoiding a corpse altogether.162163164 To avoid pathogens, termites occasionally engage in necrophoresis, in which a nestmate carries away a corpse from the colony to eliminate it elsewhere.165 Which approach is used depends on the nature of this corpse a worker is dealing with (i.e.

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A species of fungus is known to mimic termite eggs, successfully avoiding its natural predators. These tiny brown chunks, known as"termite balls", seldom kill the eggs, and in certain cases the employees tend to these.166 This fungus mimics these eggs by producing straight from the source a cellulose-digesting enzyme known as glucosidases.167 A unique mimicking behavior exists between various species of Trichopsenius beetles and certain termite species within Reticulitermes.

This compound mimicry makes it possible for the beetles to integrate themselves within the termite colonies.168 The developed appendages on the physogastric abdomen of Austrospirachtha mimetes enables the beetle to mimic a termite worker.169.

Some species of ant are known to catch termites to use as a fresh food origin after on, rather than killing them. For instance, Formica nigra captures termites, and those who try to escape are instantly seized and driven underground.170 Certain species of ants in the subfamily Ponerinae conduct these raids although other ant species move in alone to steal the eggs or nymphs.146 Ants like Megaponera analis attack the exterior of mounds and Dorylinae ants assault underground.146171 Despite this, some termites and ants can coexist peacefully.

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54 species of ants are known to inhabit Nasutitermes mounds, both occupied and abandoned ones.174 One reason many ants live in Nasutitermes mounds is due to the termites' frequent occurrence in their own geographical range; another is to shield themselves from flooding.174175 Iridomyrmex also inhabits termite mounds but no evidence for any kind of relationship (other than the usual one) is known.116 In rare situations, certain species of address termites reside inside active ant colonies.176 Some invertebrate organisms such as beetles, caterpillars, flies and millipedes are termitophiles and reside inside termite colonies (they are unable to survive independently).56 As a consequence, certain beetles and flies have evolved with their hosts.